Authors Schad W. Institution Institut fur Evolutionsbiologie und Morphologie, Universitat

Authors
  Schad W.
Institution
  Institut fur Evolutionsbiologie und Morphologie, Universitat
  Witten/Herdecke, Germany.
Title
  Heterochronical patterns of evolution in the transitional stages of
  vertebrate classes.
Source
  Acta Biotheoretica.  41(4):383-9, 1993 Dec.
Abstract
  Transitional forms of the recent classes of vertebrates are only known in
  paleontology. The well described examples are: Eusthenopteron foordi
  (Crossopterygii), Ichthyostega and Acanthostega (Labyrinthodontia) between
  Osteichthyes and Amphibia, Seymouria baylorensis (Amphibiosaria) between
  Amphibia and Reptilia, Archaeopteryx lithographica (Archaeornithes)
  between Reptilia and Aves, and the mammal-like reptiles Pelycosauria,
  Therapsida and Cynodontia between Reptilia and Aves, and the description
  of their phylogenetical heterochronies in terms of peramorphosis and
  paedomorphosis shows the progressive role of the motorial, especially the
  locomotorial organ systems and their functions in comparison with the
  retarded evolution of the axial system, especially the skull and central
  nervous system. The evolution of the Hominidae shows the same rule. The
  evaluation of these transitional forms in their fossil context reveals
  them as inhabitants of biotopes situated in the border areas of coastal
  and shore landscapes of marine, brackish or fresh water. These biotopes
  have obviously favoured the innovations on the high taxonimic level of
  macro-evolutionary characteristics.

Authors
  Trinkaus E.
Institution
  Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131.
Title
  Cladistics and the hominid fossil record [see comments]. [Review]
Source
  American Journal of Physical Anthropology.  83(1):1-11, 1990 Sep.
Abstract
  Cladistic methodology has become common in phylogenetic analyses of the
  hominid fossil record. Even though it has correctly placed emphasis on
  morphology for the primary determination of affinities between groups and
  on explicit statements regarding traits and methods employed in making
  phylogenetic assessments, cladistics nonetheless has limitations when
  applied to the hominid fossil record. These include 1) the uncritical
  assumption of parsimony, 2) uncertainties in the identification of
  homoplasies, 3) difficulties in the appropriate delimitation of samples
  for analysis, 4) failure to account for normal patterns of variation, 5)
  methodological problems with the appropriate identification of
  morphological traits involving issues of biological relevance,
  intercorrelation, primary versus secondary characters, and the use of
  continuous variables, 6) issues of polarity identification, and 7)
  problems in hypothesis testing. While cladistics has focused attention on
  alternative phylogenetic reconstructions in hominid paleontology and on
  explicit statements regarding their morphological and methodological
  underpinnings, its biological limitations are too abundant for it to be
  more than a heuristic device for the preliminary ordering of complex human
  paleontological and neonatological data. [References: 69]

Authors
  Diamond MK.
Institution
  Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago,
  Illinois 60637.
Title
  Homologies of the stapedial artery in humans, with a reconstruction of the
  primitive stapedial artery configuration of Euprimates.
Source
  American Journal of Physical Anthropology.  84(4):433-62, 1991 Apr.
Local Messages
  Data drawn from the perspectives of paleontology, comparative anatomy,
  embryology, teratology, and normal adult variation were analyzed with nine
  homology criteria in order to determine the homologues of the stapedial
  artery in adult humans. It was determined that 1) the stem of the
  stapedial artery does not persist within the cranial cavity; 2) the stem
  of the ramus inferior is retained in its entirety and forms the upper
  portion of the stem of the middle meningeal artery; 3) the proximal part
  of the ramus infraorbitalis is normally absent and is replaced by a
  collateral shunt arising from the ramus mandibularis; 4) the ramus
  mandibularis is retained and forms the lower portion of the middle
  meningeal stem and the inferior alveolar artery; 5) the most proximal
  portion of the maxillary artery is formed by an anastomotic shunt
  connecting the external carotid artery to the ramus mandibularis; 6) the
  anterior division of the ramus superior is normally present and well
  developed; 7) the posterior division of the ramus superior is present in
  many individuals; and 8) the junction of the two divisions of the ramus
  superior with the ramus inferior usually migrates to the floor of the
  middle cranial fossa. The range of human arterial patterns, and those of
  all other euprimates, can be derived from a hypothetical primitive pattern
  that is very similar to that of primitive rodents. In this pattern, the
  stapedial artery stem enters the middle cranial fossa and trifurcates into
  the anterior and posterior divisions of the ramus superior and the ramus
  inferior. In their evolution, strepsirhines initially lose the ramus
  inferior and haplorhines initially reduce the stapedial artery stem.

Authors
  Fox RC.  Youzwyshyn GP.  Krause DW.
Institution
  Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology, Department of Geology, University
  of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Title
  Post-Jurassic mammal-like reptile from the Palaeocene.
Abstract
  Mammal-like reptiles of the order Therapsida document the emergence of
  mammals from more primitive synapsids and are of unique zoological and
  palaeontological interest on that account. Therapsids, first appearing in
  the Early Permian, were thought to become extinct in the Middle Jurassic,
  soon after the Late Triassic origin of mammals. Here, however, we report
  the discovery of a therapsid from the late Palaeocene, 100 million years
  younger than the youngest previous occurrence of the order. This discovery
  nearly doubles the stratigraphic range of therapsids and furnishes their
  first record from the Cenozoic. The documenting fossils, an incomplete
  dentary containing three teeth, and four isolated teeth from other,
  conspecific individuals (Fig. 1), are from the Paskapoo Formation, at
  Cochrane, Alberta, Canada, from beds yielding a diverse mammalian fauna of
  early Tiffanian age. These specimens are catalogued in the collections of
  the University of Alberta Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology (UALVP)
  and provide the basis for a new taxon, as named and described below: (see
  text)

Authors
  Ciochon RL.  Piperno DR.  Thompson RG.
Institution
  Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242.
Title
  Opal phytoliths found on the teeth of the extinct ape Gigantopithecus
  blacki: implications for paleodietary studies.
Source
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
  America.  87(20):8120-4, 1990 Oct.
Abstract
  Identification of opal phytoliths bonded to the enamel surface of the
  teeth of Gigantopithecus blacki indicates that this extinct ape had a
  varied diet of grasses and fruits. By using the scanning electron
  microscope at magnifications of 2000-6000x specific opal phytoliths were
  observed and photographed on the fossilized teeth of an extinct species.
  Since opal phytoliths represent the inorganic remains of once-living plant
  cells, their documentation on the teeth of Gigantopithecus introduces a
  promising technique for the determination of diet in extinct mammalian
  species which should find numerous applications in the field of
  paleoanthropology as well as vertebrate paleontology.

Authors
  Nee S.  Mooers AO.  Harvey PH.
Institution
  Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Title
  Tempo and mode of evolution revealed from molecular phylogenies.
Source
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
  America.  89(17):8322-6, 1992 Sep 1.
Abstract
  The analysis of the tempo and mode of evolution has a strong tradition in
  paleontology. Recent advances in molecular phylogenetic reconstruction
  make it possible to complement this work by using data from extant
  species.


Authors
  Nee S.  Mooers AO.  Harvey PH.
Institution
  Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
Title
  Tempo and mode of evolution revealed from molecular phylogenies.
Source
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
  America.  89(17):8322-6, 1992 Sep 1.
Abstract
  The analysis of the tempo and mode of evolution has a strong tradition in
  paleontology. Recent advances in molecular phylogenetic reconstruction
  make it possible to complement this work by using data from extant
  species.

Authors
  Gould SJ.
Institution
  Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.
Title
  Tempo and mode in the macroevolutionary reconstruction of Darwinism.
  [Review]
Source
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
  America.  91(15):6764-71, 1994 Jul 19.
Abstract
  Among the several central meanings of Darwinism, his version of Lyellian
  uniformitarianism--the extrapolationist commitment to viewing causes of
  small-scale, observable change in modern populations as the complete
  source, by smooth extension through geological time, of all magnitudes and
  sequences in evolution--has most contributed to the causal hegemony of
  microevolution and the assumption that paleontology can document the
  contingent history of life but cannot act as a domain of novel
  evolutionary theory. G. G. Simpson tried to combat this view of
  paleontology as theoretically inert in his classic work, Tempo and Mode in
  Evolution (1944), with a brilliant argument that the two subjects of his
  title fall into a unique paleontological domain and that modes (processes
  and causes) can be inferred from the quantitative study of tempos
  (pattern). Nonetheless, Simpson did not cash out his insight to
  paleontology's theoretical benefit because he followed the strict doctrine
  of the Modern Synthesis. He studied his domain of potential theory and
  concluded that no actual theory could be found--and that a full account of
  causes could therefore be located in the microevolutionary realm after
  all. I argue that Simpson was unduly pessimistic and that modernism's
  belief in reductionistic unification (the conventional view of Western
  intellectuals from the 1920s to the 1950s) needs to be supplanted by a
  postmodernist commitment to pluralism and multiple levels of causation.
  Macro- and microevolution should not be viewed as opposed, but as truly
  complementary. I describe the two major domains where a helpful
  macroevolutionary theory may be sought--unsmooth causal boundaries between
  levels (as illustrated by punctuated equilibrium and mass extinction) and
  hierarchical expansion of the theory of natural selection to levels both
  below (gene and cell-line) and above organisms (demes, species, and
  clades). Problems remain in operationally defining selection at
  non-organismic levels (emergent traits vs. emergent fitness approaches,
  for example) and in specifying the nature and basis of levels, but this
  subject should be the central focus in formulating a more ample and
  satisfactory general theory of evolution on extended Darwinian principles.
  [References: 43]

Authors
  Savic IR.  Nevo E.
Institution
  Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Belgrade,
  Yugoslavia.
Title
  The Spalacidae: evolutionary history, speciation and population biology.
  [Review]
Source
  Progress in Clinical & Biological Research.  335:129-53, 1990.
Abstract
  The evolutionary history of Spalacidae is reviewed taxonomically,
  paleontologically and neontologically. We focused selectively on taxonomy,
  biogeography, paleontology and evolutionary origins, chromosomal
  evolution, population biology and the species concept in Spalacidae. We
  concluded that the taxonomy of Spalacidae needs a modern revision based on
  chromosome and molecular-genetic data, beside that of morphology,
  physiology and behavior. The subterranean Spalacidae originated probably
  from a muroid-cricetoid stock in Asia Minor or vicinity, in Upper
  Oligocene times and adaptively radiated underground in the Balkans,
  steppic Russia and Middle East, extending into North Africa. The major
  important evolutionary feature in peripatric or allopatric speciation and
  adaptive radiation was karyotypic evolution, primarily through
  Robertsonian changes. More than 30 karyotypes (2n = 38-62; NF = 72-124)
  earlier represented by 8 classical species, occur primarily allopatrically
  or parapatrically, with only marginal sympatry, across the Eastern
  Mediterranean range of the family. Most karyotypes represent biospecies
  adapted at multiple organizational levels to their different ecologies. A
  short overview is presented on population biology and life history
  parameters of the Spalacidae which result in K-selected, "equilibrium
  species". Speciation in action and adaptive radiation embracing molecular
  and organismal adptations to the subterranean unique ecotope and to four
  different climatic regimes, have been multidisciplinarily studied in the
  Israeli Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies. [References: 75]


In truth, I have read some of the above material.  When Dr. Gould tells me
that there is a serious flaw in evolutionary theory, I will believe it.

For every one of the haphazard ICR tractw you post, I have THOUSANDS of
articles that show that evolution occured.